de Olivier Sardan, Jean-Pierre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 230243). According to the 2008 and 2019 administrative organization laws, there are 10 governors of region, 58 divisional officers, 360 sub-divisional officers, 360 mayors of municipalities, and 14 mayors of cities. This makes a total of 456 other Creatures in the second ranks of the ministries. In the light of our present inquiry, further research could concentrate on two important aspects. It is famous for glass art, bottles, and windows. Clientelism and Patronage in the Middle East and North Africa: Networks of Dependency. La dmocratie mtisse. In Clientelism, Social Policy, and the Quality of Democracy, ed. I know that Cameroon is divided into 10 regions, which are in turn divided into departments, which are in turn divided into communes, which in turn consist of villages, and even neighborhoods have their names. 2012. Cheeseman, Nick, and Miles Larmer. C Communes of Cameroon (3 C, 226 P) D Departments of Cameroon (59 P) R Regions of Cameroon (13 C, 14 P) Pages in category "Subdivisions of Cameroon" Rotate objects in specific relation to one another. Alpine House of Toledo is a licensed residential day care facility located in a quiet urban neighborhood, close to several residential and commercial communities. The acting government appointed in 2019 counts 63 members including a Prime Minister, 4 ministers of State, 31 ministers, 12 deputy ministers, 5 ministers in charge of missions and 10 secretaries of state. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. To do business in Cameroon, they affirmed that companies often spend years negotiating deals and gaining final approvals with the Cameroonian bureaucracy. Nous sommes tous des cratures ou des crations du prsident Paul Biya, cest lui que doit revenir toute la gloire dans tout ce que nous faisons. How clientelism varies: Comparing patronage democracies. Authoritarian clientelism: the case of the presidents creatures in Cameroon. Neo-liberalism and the persistence of clientelism in Africa. Such an operation could not have taken place in a direct and non-mediated way, but only via the construction of some regional English-speaking networks and some national bilingual networks, all attached to the central government via the customary practice according to which while the President was naturally Francophone, the Prime Minister should be a representative of the Anglophone community. Ukraine and Kazakhstan) (Chakravarty 2010; Berenshot and Aspinall 2020). Gans-Morse, Jordan, Sebastian Mazzuca, and Simeon Nichter. The decree N2019/3179/PM of the 02nd September 2019 declared the regions of the Far-North, South-West, and North-West economically disastrous due to the insecurity Crise de lgitimit politique et vidence de la continuit. Nkainfon Pefura, Samuel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The FG3 and FG4 members exposed two examples of secret meetings between local chieftains, religious leaders, mayors, councillors, on one hand, and prominent Creatures, on the other hand. Robert K. Kpwang, 18502010. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In fact, there was a high degree of consensus over the existence of the Creatures, about the empirical validity of this notion and a relatively high consensus about the Creatures characteristics. In ancestral society, a powerful leader had to show manliness at the risk of being overthrown; he was the custodian of all powers: judicial, military, legislative, executive and mystical. Given the underemployment rate of people aged 15 and over at 69.6% (INS 2016, 147) and a poverty rate of 37.5% in 2014 (INS 2016, 66), the battle of social climbing is tough. Onana, Jean-Baptiste. At the same central level, in the ministerial departments, Cameroon has 37 secretaries general of ministries, 364 delegated or entrusted governmental commissionaires and 55 directors of public establishments. Micoiu, Sergiu. More than three quarters are men and more than three fifths are entrenched outside the capital city, Yaound, where they spend most of their time. Some FG members brought several examples of Creatures (ministers, state secretaries, MPs, heads of the national police or general directors) who intervened in the name of President Biya to restore the order in several party local or departmental organizations where the clashes between the clientelistic local structures for the access to resources was damaging the RDPC. Clientelism in everyday latin American politics. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Authoritarian clientelism: the case of the presidents creatures in Cameroon, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-020-00188-y, http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-news-1558.html, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Les notables bamilk de lOuest-Cameroun: rle et organisation dans les institutions traditionnelles. In 2018, after an unfair vote (Jeune Afrique 2018), he was re-elected with 71% and few weeks later, the main opposition candidate, Maurice Kamto, and his partys staff have been accused of civic insubordination and arrested. Democratization 10 (2): 121140. How can i reproduce the texture of this picture? Consequently, as various authors observed, the traditional practices of patronage were the fishbone structure for the emergence of the wider political formations (Olivier de Sardan 1996; Basedau et al. The products include: Thus, who belongs to a political party in a particular moment and who does what within that party can be changed by decisions taken by the top-hierarchy: potent local businessmen and religious or traditional leaders are permanently co-opted in the parties, often invited to take over local or regional branches and might be removed with the same haste (Carbone 2006; Souar 2017). Johnson, Willard R. 1970. Ltat au Cameroun. Cambridge: University Press. The focus group research offered the possibility to check our initial arguments, to draw a series of meaningful but partial conclusions over the way clientelism works in Cameroon and to finally make a series of observations about, among other aspects, the wouldbe directions of future research on the key actors of clientelistic practices. What distinguishes top researchers from mediocre ones? Luis Roniger and Ay.e Gne-Ayata, 207214. 2012) seems to be only partly pertinent when studying the semi-authoritarian Central African systems. First, there is an overwhelming influence of the precolonial traditional society, structured around chiefdoms which play a quasi-official role of administrative assisting bodies. A study done by Kakdeu et al. Berenschot, Ward, and Edward Aspinall. 2015. Nevertheless, these postures were far from being clearly defined. The formation and the effectiveness of this clientelistic system, with semi-autonomous Anglophone regional and national leaders, organized in the Social Democratic Front/SDF, prompting (sometimes conditionally) the Francophone ruling party, the Cameroon Peoples Democratic Movement/RDPC, made it a model for the entire country, so for the main Francophone territories also (Banock 1992; Etogo 2012). Democratization. Paris: Karthala. Its our time to chop: Does elections in Africa feed neopatrimonialism rather than counter-act It? Autoritarisme, presse et violence au Cameroun. 2007. 2005. It is bordered to the north by the Adamawa Region, to the south by the South Region, to the east by the East Region, and to the West by the Littoral and West Regions. Among the Sub-Saharan Francophone ex-colonies, Cameroon is a particularly interesting case for clientelism for at least two major reasons, the first concerning the constitutional structure and the historical evolution of the country and the second being related to length of uninterrupted continuity in power of the actual President. On a contrary, there are even fewer analyses concerning the domestic systems of clientelism proper to the semi-authoritarian regimes in former French Central Africa (Vicente and Wantchkon 2009; Lust-Okar 2009). So, there is a fair amount of evidence to show that the Creatures act in some relevant occasions as direct negotiators within the core of the clientelistic Cameroonian structures. Paris: LHarmattan. 5168). Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. 1966. The facility houses 31 units ( 32 beds) and offers some of the best assisted living amenities. Basedau, Matthias, Gero Erdmann, Jann Lay, and Alexander Stroh. abilitation Thesis. On the other hand, local and regional party leaders engage to a lesser extent with regular voters in relations of direct electoral clientelism (Driscoll 2018). Acta Politica [1] Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor. Administrative map of Cameroon with districts and cities name, colored by states and administrative dist - 2D8941W from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Boulder: Lynne Riener Publishers. We resorted to a two-layered analysisthat of the individual views, observations and motivations, on one hand; and that of the groups dynamics and its influence on the individuals opinions on the issues in discussion, on the other hand. Then, majority MPs in the National Assembly and the Senate. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subdivisions of Cameroon. Leon, Gianmarco. Les dynamiques de la lgitimit du pouvoir politique local au Cameroun. 2011). The fact that Paul Biya has been continuously in power since 1982, ruling the country through the same single and then dominant party has allowed him to appoint, control and handle several entire generations of political and administrative leaders at all levels (Kakdeu 2015). 2013. Gherghina, Sergiu, and Clara Volintiru. World Politics 46: 453489. Bogaards, Matthijs. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. The Digital Environment and English Didactics in the Age of COVID-19 in Open Data Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for developers and researchers interested in open data. 3955), these two reasons should be sufficient to justify our option for Cameroon as case study for analysing the above-mentioned aspects of clientelism. Iai: Institutul European, 118124. Paris Karthala. Sergiu Micoiu, Sdagban Hygin F. Kaka, Kokou Folly L. and Hetcheli, eds. Etudes compares des cas du Bnin, du Burkina Faso et de la Roumanie. La formation des partis uniques africains. (Abente-Brun 2014; Szwarcberg 2015, pp. List Of Regions And Divisions Of Cameroon - Media Nigeria Following the guidelines formulated by John Gerring (Garring 2016, pp. In Democracy, clientelism, and civil society, ed. Nouvelles dmocraties et socialisation politique. And then because the Western, Eastern and Austral African countries are the mirror of the radically uneven economic growth that the contemporary phase of globalization produced, with extremely thin strata of wealthy and cosmopolitan elites and with the quasi-totality of the others confronted with poverty and severe marginalization (Sembene 2015). 147. Paris: LHarmattan. According to the FG1 participants, these characteristics are generally known not only by the party members, but also by those who pay attention to politics (journalists, officers, academia etc. Institutions and ethnic politics in Africa (Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions). rev2023.8.21.43589. (2020). Secondly, Cameroon has a centralized and hierarchical administrative organization. This dataset is part of the Cameroon Data Grid. Within this latter set of scientific concerns, the Sub-Saharan African societal and political systems appear as being among the most fertile grounds for studying clientelism. Clientlisme lectoral au Bnin: Rsultats dune tude exprimentale de terrain. PDF Agenda for The Transformation of The Cameroonian Health System First, because it is a state founded as a result of the merger of two territories, one having been a part of the French colonial empire (with a special status), the other (a smaller South-Western and North-Western part) being before a segment of a wider British colony. Cameroon's digital landscape was boosted in 2016 by adoption of the National ICT Strategic Plan 2020. 2012. Paris: LHarmattan. This is the rationale of the give-and-take practice of clientelism: the voters have an interest in voting for the President in power as he has more means to reward their loyalty than the opposition candidates. 2003. The uninterrupted continuity in power provides either the Presidents or the presidential dynasties with a variety of tools not only to control the power fluxes but also with a need to periodically refresh their networks of political-electoral influence. Why do people generally discard the upper portion of leeks? This process required the penetration of the Anglophone areas by the pro-Yaound networks of influence (Bayart 1985). Paris: Karthala. Google Scholar. Secondly, attention has been payed to the role distribution within the clientelistic structures and to the capacity of its different elements to mobilize voters, either directly or via some more local influencers whom they co-opt and then control (such as local chieftains, heads of tribes, councillors etc.) From a more general perspective, this research highlights some specific features of clientelism in semi-authoritarian regimes, at least in the Sub-Saharan African context. Amongst the 360 subdivisions in - Cameroon News Agency - Facebook We organize our article in four parts: (1) In the first, we will briefly study the theoretical framework and will present our main arguments; (2) in the second, we will motivate our choice of Cameroon as case study and will present the research design; (3) in the third, we will shortly present the Cameroonian political context, insisting on aspects related to clientelism; (4) and in the fourth, we will test our arguments using and discussing the results of the four focus groups we conducted with former members of Creatures staffs and with party militants in three different key-regions of the country. The Republic of Cameroon is divided into ten regions,. Piattoni, Simona. Toledo Subdivision - Wikipedia Subdivisions of Cameroon - Wikiwand Washington D.C.: IMF. Van de Walle , Nicolas. This act of appointment gives to the President the power of creation. Can punishments be weakened if evidence was collected illegally? 331). The divisions are further sub-divided into sub-divisions ( arrondissements ), headed by assistant divisional officers ( sous-prefets ). Lconomie morale de la corruption en Afrique. Studies in Comparative Interantional Development 53: 404427. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Driscoll, Barry. Various theoretical aspects, such as defining clientelism (Kitschelt and Wilkinson 2007), exploring its historical roots (Piatoni 2001) or designing and amending different models of clientelism (Gherghina and Volintiru 2017) have been deeply and convincingly approached by numerous relevant authors. Paris: LHarmattan, 311329. Democratization 22 (1): 2250. In order to get the population per level you can take two approaches: The Rpertoire actualis des villages du Cameroun provides. Cambridge: University Press. There are 80 first-level chiefdoms in the country, 862s-level chiefdoms and innumerable third-level chiefdoms which break down into neighbourhood chiefdoms. Staffan Lindberg, 226245. Toledo is commonly referred to as the 'Glass City' mostly because of its rich and famous glass industry. Institut National de Statistique (INS). Thus, not only the appointed officials but also the candidates of the party in power to parliamentary and local elections are nominated by the same countrys and partys head, Paul Biya. Quantifier complexity of the definition of continuity of functions, Interaction terms of one variable with many variables. Some RDPC activists admit at their turn that the main expectation of the local party structures is to use the Creatures as assets to put the tribal chieftains, the neighbourhood clan leaders and the other local influencers at work, to gather our voters (K.K., local party treasurer, Littoral region). The Creature could be a negotiator only when he/she would need to appease the local or regional conflicts and to impose the rule of law over some occasionally dissident factions. 2009. Why do Airbus A220s manufactured in Mobile, AL have Canadian test registrations? Instead, to promise a favourable vote for Paul Biya or for the party and then to stay home the day of the elections is a much safer and more subtle strategy. 4536). Book By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge that you have read and understand our privacy policy and code of conduct. 2016. Our "real" estate. The Circle of Friends of Cameroon (CERAC) has offered gifts to health facilities and rural women of Kette and Mbotoro Subdivision, Kadey Division of the East Region, as well as a recapitulation of . Section 3735.66 - Ohio Revised Code | Ohio Laws In the semi-authoritarian regime of Cameroon, all major appointed or elected public officials are designated by the same person who is at the same time the national president of the party (RDPC) and the President of the Republic. Conclusions: the transformation of clientelism and civil society. (PDF) Rethinking the faade of decentralisation under the 1996 Paris: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. From where do I get shapefiles for all the states in USA at Census Tract level with "population" or "population density" data too? The constitution divides Cameroon into 10 semi-autonomous regions, each under the administration of an elected Regional Council. PDF STARTING A BUSINESS IN CAMEROON - Nkafu Policy Institute Subdivisions of Cameroon: Communes of Cameroon, Departments of Cameroon . I want to know the official names of all of them and the number of people living in each. 2011. Democratization 27 (1): 119. The main focus of these writings is on the clientelistic systems of influence established between France via its industrial holdings and its former African colonies, particularly salient in the cases of the oil exporting Gabon and Congo-Brazzaville (Obiang 2007, pp. Clientelism and cartelization in post-communist Europe: the case of Romania. 2007. Kicad Ground Pads are not completey connected with Ground plane. Lindberg, Staffan. I want to know where I can find detailed, current and authoritative (ie. After an initial period of prosperity based on the high raw material prices (1965 to 1985), the economic situation has sharply deteriorated. This is mainly because the ethno-tribal relations are dominant in almost all the countries of the region and party politics developed within a pre-structured framework where the traditional bonds of affinity and allegiance, which were mediated via complex systems of ritual offer and informal taxation, had to be extended and institutionalized to the newly created modern national layers (Posner 2005, pp. Why does a flat plate create less lift than an airfoil at the same AoA? The Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Africa (CHRDA) in a report has documented a detailed report on what is happening in the North West Region of Cameroon between the Fulani and natives of Bum/Nwa. This could be explained as there is a correlation between the FG members own importance (as former collaborators of the Creatures or as their local/regional counterparts) and the Creatures personal importance and relevance within the establishment. R Regions of Cameroon (12 C, 2 F) Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Subdivisions_of_Cameroon&oldid=309455327" Categories: Political geography of Cameroon Country subdivisions by country Country subdivisions in Africa Non-topical/index: Uses of Wikidata Infobox Uses of Wikidata Infobox with no image 2009. France-Gabon: pratiques clientlaires et logiques dtat dans les relations franco-africaines. The Journal of Modern African Studies 41 (2): 297321. Ruiz de Elvira, and Laura Christoph H. Schwarz, and Irene Weipert-Fenner. 600), Moderation strike: Results of negotiations, Our Design Vision for Stack Overflow and the Stack Exchange network, Recent Demographic and Economic Data at CBSA-level, Find geographic data on the languages spoken in Russia. The regions are subdivided into 58 divisions (French dpartements). London: Routledge. 2015. The FG3 members observe that the main strategy of deception does not consist in promising his votes to the RDPC and in fact giving them to some other candidate, as this would be very easy to notice and to later punish (O.O., deputy local leader in the West region). 2640; Ndi 2014). data about the number of inhabitants for all subdivisions of Cameroon. 1985. Nouveaux Acteurs Sociaux, Permanence et Renouvellement du Clientlisme Politique en Afrique Sub-saharienne. Survey evidence from Ghana. Kpwang, Robert K. 2011. The country has 360 subdivisions, 58 divisions and 10 regions. Do Federal courts have the authority to dismiss charges brought in a Georgia Court? This also accounts for why Nguti is one of the most-hit areas of the. For instance, we introduced more urban militants and more women in the FG3 than in the FG2. v t e The constitution divides Cameroon into 10 semi-autonomous regions, each under the administration of an elected Regional Council. Paris: Publibook. Recul dmocratique et no-prsidentialisme en Afrique centrale et occidentale, ed. Discours, cultures et reprsentations politiques au Cameroun. Introduction: evaluating political clientelism. Toledo, OH - AreaVibes Ndi, Anthony. This qualifies Cameroon as a special case of centralized linguistically and regionally heterogeneous clientelism. Inequality, polarization and poverty: Advances in distributional analysis. I want to know the official names of all of them and the number of people living in each. The Cameroon federation: Political integration in a fragmentary society. Tcheuyap, Alexie. . Biya appoints the members of the electoral commission and the members of the Constitutional Council in charge of the settlement of electoral disputes and the proclamation of the results. Consequently, after the Independence, Cameroon became initially a federation, with two widely autonomous pillars (Johnson 1970, pp. Gerring, John. It only takes a minute to sign up. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. 2018. Unpublished manuscript. Lynch, Gabrielle, and Gordon Crawford. Bach, Daniel C., and Mamoudou Gazibo, eds. For the FG results analysis, we adapted the methodology proposed by John M. Creswell (Creswell 2014). Recul dmocratique et no-prsidentialisme en Afrique centrale et occidentale, pp. Why is that? 2012. Van de Walle , Nicolas. 275283). Pouvoir traditionnel et notrion de chefferie au Cameroun de la priode prcoloniale lre de la mondialisation (18501980). So, we have a total of 71 Creatures who are members of the Government. The President of the Republic, Paul Biya has offered a special gift to all 360 subdivisions in Cameroon to boost the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. 2000. Vietnam and the Philippines) or the former Soviet space (e.g. The American Political Science Review 66 (1): 6890. 2012. Where to find census data for many countries? PhD thesis, The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). Blundo, Giorgio, and Jean-Pierre. #Covid19: Special gift of President Paul Biya heads to 360 subdivisions In order to check the validity of our arguments, we organized four focus groups. 1992. 522). 2001. Subdivisions of Cameroon | Detailed Pedia So, if fear of repercussions seems indeed to be high, local communities credulity is overrated: the response to the sometimes limitless promises of the Creatures and of their local party militants is rather a conditioned kind of loyalty practiced by some local communities. Presidential power and democratization by elections in Africa. 1994. Democratization in Africa 19902010: An assessment. Nowadays, the economy is dominated by small farms which have grown by exporting crops since colonial times. . http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/collection/gpw-v4, http://cameroon.opendataforafrica.org/rfdefze/census-data, Rpertoire actualis des villages du Cameroun, Semantic search without the napalm grandma exploit (Ep. 2008. Carbone, Giovanni. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Blurry resolution when uploading DEM 5ft data onto QGIS. Politique africaine 63 (2): 97116. Unlike in the past, 10 women today hold "command" positions out of the 438 in Cameroon. Mobilizing Poor Voters: Machine Politics, Clientelism, and Social Networks in Argentina. Olivierde Sardan, eds. The Creature would be like a Cardinal, spreading the Presidents message to us, checking the state of the affairs in the provinces and in the villages, giving us highly valuable hints on what to do and how to speak to the people (A.A., party local vice-leader in the West). These discussions included details such as the proofs that the local voters had to produce (generally by taking pictures of their ballots) and the measures of retaliation to be taken if the proofs were not conclusive enough or, worse, if there was some doubt about cheating by not attending the poles or voting for other candidates (A.N., local party vice-leader in the West). http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-news-1558.html Retrieved 17 April 2019. 26(1). In terms of compensation, we offered symbolic gifts and one lunch/dinner to all the participants. This led to an almost total ignorance with regard to the mechanisms of functioning of the indigenous society and consequently, later on, of the processes of networking, political aggregation, decision-making or policy implementation within the local and the regional layers of the post-colonial states. Who are these Creatures? This explains the emergence and the development of the Creatures as a particular instrument of control and influence of the President and, as we saw, as agents of structural articulation for clientelism. As the President is the Father of the Nation, being his Creature is, on a contrary, a sacred unction, which consequently imposes to its bearer a holly duty (A.A., party local vice-leader in the West). In one of these two cases, as the local public seemed to be discontent of the ensemble of the promises, the Creature [] targeted each of the various group representatives who attended the meeting and indirectly offered him/her specific bonuses should they boost their voters participation to the elections (A.N., local party vice-leader in the West). This is part of the special issue on Varieties of Clientelism edited by Miroslav Nemcok and Sergiu Gherghina. Given their experience, the Creatures know that nothing is for free and consequently present what Yaound can offer in exchange of the political support (T.P., regional vice-leader, West).
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