This ability is independent of the size or grade of the tumor (often seemingly slow growing cancers like the adenoid cystic carcinoma can metastasis widely). The association between chili pepper consumption and the incidence of cancer was evaluated in 23 studies, which directly assessed chili peppers as a food item. The management of the neck is crucial, since spread to it reduces the chance of survival by 50%. month1, or <1 time/week and so forth, while 10 articles[14,21,22,25,28,30,33,34,35,36] defined as no or never. People after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are at a higher risk for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer properties of capsaicin against human cancer. Oral lichen planus may appear as white, lacy patches; red, swollen tissues; or open sores. SE: Standard error; OR: Odds ratio. The highest category of spicy food intake was associated with cancer risk between the two different regions (Asian: OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.222.27; non-Asian: OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.253.43), numbers of cases (200: OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.453.18;< 200: OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.032.08), and sources of the control group (community based: OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.193.07; hospital based: OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.202.29). A re-evaluation of random-effects meta-analysis. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. [37] Each study was broadly assessed based on selection, comparability, and exposure and was assigned a score ranging from 0 to 9. Lpez-Carrillo L, Camargo MC, Schneider BG, Sicinschi LA, Hernndez-Ramrez RU, Correa P, et al Capsaicin consumption, 13. Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. National Library of Medicine Panendoscopy may be recommended, because the tissues of the entire upper aerodigestive tract are generally affected by the same carcinogens, so other primary cancers are a common occurrence.[37][38]. Nothing hot or spicy. Role of dietary habits in the development of esophageal cancer in Assam, the north-eastern region of India. [51] Incidence of oral cancer in young adults (ages 2039 years old) in Scandinavia has reportedly risen approximately 6-fold between 1960 and 1994[54] The high incidence rate of oral and pharyngeal cancer in Denmark could be attributed to their higher alcohol intake than citizens of other Scandinavian countries and low intake of fruits and vegetables in general. Talmadge JE, Fidler IJ. 2003;523-524:26578 doi: 10.1016/s0027-5107(02)00342-1, 21. 2014;22:21522 doi: 10.21101/cejph.a3919, 22. 2009;125:13945 doi: 10.1002/ijc.24328, 42. [42] Potential risks of using screening devices include false positives, unnecessary surgical biopsies, and a financial burden. Diet, Food & Fitness - Page 52 - Cleveland Clinic Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation Cell. Shen M, Chapman RS, He X, Liu LZ, Lai H, Chen W, et al Dietary factors, food contamination and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei, China Lung Cancer. Mouth cancer can start in the lips, gums or soft sides of your mouth. Its horrible. Subgroup analyses of association between high spicy food intake and cancer risk. This difference may be related to the use of alcohol and tobacco, which are major oral cancer risk factors seen more commonly in men than in women. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in, 40. In terms of mortality rates, oropharyngeal cancer has the highest rate in males and tongue cancer has the highest rate in females. 2010;25:6035 doi: 10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z, 38. Avoid alcohol and tobacco. Zhang BB, Wang DG, Xuan C, Sun GL, Deng KF. In terms of cancer subtypes, 12, 9, 6, and 12 studies reported the association between spicy food and the risk of gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, gallbladder cancer, and other cancers, respectively. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Spiegelhalter DJ. No publication bias was detected for spicy food (Egger's test: P = 0.714; Begg's test: P = 0.942) in the selected studies. [74] Risk factors include secondhand smoke, as the smoke settles on the fur which is ingested when cats groom, and potentially the over consumption of canned food and use of flea collars. In past decades, the anticancer activity of capsaicin has been broadly investigated for a variety of cancer types. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. The characteristics of the 39 studies are shown in Table 1. In our study, all spicy food was defined as including chili pepper, undefined spicy food, spicy snacks, kimchi, spicy preserved meat, capsaicin, pepper-soybean in 39 studies. Oral melanoma, while part of head and neck cancers is considered separately. [51] Lithuania reported the highest incidence in men while Denmark reported the highest in women. You may search for similar articles that contain these same keywords or you may Among the 39 studies included in the meta-analysis, 30 studies reported the associations between spicy food and cancer risk after adjustments and 9 studies[2224252930333436] did not clarify whether adjustments have been done or not. Hypomethylation of smoking-related genes is associated with future lung cancer in four prospective cohorts. However, in some areas, specifically South East Asia, similar rates were recorded for both genders. Tumor invades masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base and/or encases the internal carotid artery, Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3cm or smaller and ENE(+) or >3cm and 6cm and ENE(); or metastases in multiple ispsilateral lymph nodes, none >6cm and ENE(); or in bilateral or, Metastasis in a single ipsilateral node <3cm and ENE(+); or a single ipsilatereral node 3cm and <6cm and ENE(), Metastases in multiple ipsilateral nodes, <6cm and ENE(), Metastases in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes(s); <6cm and ENE(), Metastasis in a lymph node 6cm and ENE(); or metastasis in any nbodes(s) and clinically overt ENE(+), Metastasis in a lymph node 6cm and ENE(), Metastasis in any nodes(s) and clinically overt ENE(+), Note: A designation of "U" or "L" may be used for any N category to indicate metastasis above (U) or below (L) the lower border of the cricoid. Wang JM, Xu B, Rao JY, Shen HB, Xue HC, Jiang QW, et al Diet habits, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, green tea drinking, and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the Chinese population Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. The consumption of chili peppers and the risk of colorectal cancer: a New cases of oral cancer in US as of 2013, approximated almost 66,000 with almost 14000 attributed from tongue cancer, and nearly 12000 from the mouth, and the remainder from the oral cavity and pharynx. Avoid chewy candies, tough meats, pretzels and chips, and hard raw fruits or . Furthermore, no statistically significant effect was observed among females after application of a stratified analysis by sex because of the limited number of studies. Consistent associations were found in different regions, case numbers of >200, esophageal cancer, community-based studies, and high-quality articles. Search for Similar Articles To the best of our knowledge, the current study represents the most comprehensive and up-to-date meta-analysis (39 casecontrol studies) of the association between high spicy food intake and cancer risk. Wu Y, Fan Y, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Liu H, Wei M, et al Analysis of risk factors associated with precancerous lesion of gastric cancer in patients from Eastern China: A comparative study J Cancer Res Ther. However, high heterogeneity was found among the studies (I2 = 88.3%, P for heterogeneity <0.001). Non-Irritating Food for Mouth Sore Sufferers - Verywell Health Risk factors include tobacco and alcohol use. The highest category was defined as the highest level of spicy food intake, and in 21 articles, it was defined as high, hot, 2 times/day, or 90250 mg/d and so forth, while 7 articles[14222533343536] defined as yes.. 1985;76:70516, 51. Ibiebele TI, Taylor AR, Whiteman DC, van der Pols JC. We conducted subgroup analyses for all spicy food. The term "head and neck cancer" includes malignant tumors with an upper aerodigestive tract location: oro-pharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx [].Globally, it is the sixth most common malignant neoplasm, with an especially high prevalence in Southeast Asia [].Oral cancer specifically includes a subgroup of neoplasms arising in lips, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue . Do MH, Lee SS, Kim JY, Jung PJ, Lee MH. [16] Several animal studies have shown a carcinogenic doseeffect relationship. Dietary risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Maghrebian countries. Dietary factors, food contamination and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei, China. may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed The chili pepper is a spicy food, and excess consumption may damage to colonic mucosa. Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, et al Cancer statistics in China, 2015 CA Cancer J Clin. The incidence rate of oral cancer is 6.3 for both sexes; this is higher in males at 6.88.8 and lower in females at 3.73.9. Additional risk factors for developing oral cancer include those listed below. Flowchart of meta-analysis for exclusion or inclusion of individual articles. Among the 28 articles included in our meta-analysis, 19 articles reported the associations between the two-level of spicy food intake and cancer risk and 9 articles[14,15,23,26,28,29,30,31,32] reported the associations between the multi-level of spicy food intake and cancer risk. [66], The following rates describe the number of new cases or deaths per 100 000 individuals per year. Spread of cancer from the oral cavity to the lymph nodes of the neck has a significant effect on survival. [6] Diagnosis is made by biopsy of the concerning area, followed by investigation with CT scan, MRI, PET scan, and examination to determine if it has spread to distant parts of the body. ( 6 ). Nuts. 8600 Rockville Pike The long-term damage is related to the occurrence of CRC. For the most immediate relief from spicy heat, McGee suggested literally cooling things downeven if the "heat" you feel from a chile isn't really related to temperature. To explore the potential heterogeneity among studies, we conducted subgroup analyses for population regions (Asian and non-Asian), sex (female and combined male/female), cancer subtypes (gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, gallbladder cancer, and other cancers), number of cases (200 and <200), source of the control group (community-based and hospital-based), NOS score (7 and <7), and the definition of spicy food (chili pepper and all spicy food). [4] This varies from 84% if diagnosed when localized, compared to 66% if it has spread to the lymph nodes in the neck, and 39% if it has spread to distant parts of the body. 2004;432:31623 doi: 10.1038/nature03097, 53. The same analysis applies to lifetime risk of developing oral cancer, as in Scotland it is 1.84% in males and 0.74% in females, higher than the rest of the UK, being 1.06% and 0.48%, respectively. Again, after about 20 minutes and pain did go away. 2012;13:51838 doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.10.5183, 35. Serra I, Yamamoto M, Calvo A, Cavada G, Bez S, Endoh K, et al. Cancer Incidence; Casecontrol Studies; Meta-analysis; Spicy Food. . Palmer JR, Viscidi E, Troester MA, Hong CC, Schedin P, Bethea TN, et al. [61] It is the eleventh-most-common cancer in the United States among males while in Canada and Mexico it is the twelfth and thirteenth-most-common cancer respectively. The rate is higher in males at 3.3 and lower in females at 2.0. Research has shown that capsaicin can help destroy certain cancer cells, Lau JK, et al. Among the 39 studies included in our meta-analysis, 4 studies reported a negative association; however, when we summarized the estimate of high spicy food intake and cancer risk, this negative association was no longer present. [16], The signs and symptoms of oral cancer depend on the location of the tumor but are generally thin, irregular, white patches in the mouth. Australian Cancer Study. Therefore, we extracted the adjusted data if possible and the data that was not specified as the crude or the adjusted in the 9 original studies was also extracted and included in the meta-analysis. Moisten dry foods with gravy, broth or milk, or puree food in a blender to make it softer and easier to eat. [56][57][58][59], The incidence rates of oral cancer in western Europe found France, Germany and Belgium to be highest. A prospective study of occupational physical activity and breast cancer risk. 2007;19:1716 doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32800ff77a, 44. 2015;6:10192 doi: 10.1038/ncomms, 8. [14152122232425262728293031323334353641424344454647484950] In addition, since 7 articles[25283543464850] reported spicy food and cancer risk in different types of cancer, different types of spicy food, and different genders, they were considered as separate studies in the following data analysis. Deaths from oral cancer during this time decreased 7% (from 2.7 to 2.5 per 100,000). A premalignant (or precancerous) lesion is defined as "a benign, morphologically altered tissue that has a greater than normal risk of malignant transformation." Consistent associations were found in different regions, case numbers of >200, esophageal cancer, community-based studies, and high-quality articles. Our meta-analysis has several limitations. I did not eat until about five hours later I had one small thin piece of pizza. I lived on spicy food and now even bkack pepper makes me tear. Introduction. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly type 16 (there are over 180 types), is a known risk factor and independent causative factor for oral cancer. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Studies with larger sample sizes, longer follow-up periods, more cancer types, and more detailed measures of spicy food intake are necessary to confirm these results. However, no statistically significant association was observed between the highest category of spicy food consumption and cancer risk among women, a case number of <200, gastric cancer, gallbladder cancer, other cancer types, hospital-based studies, or low-quality articles. [63] In 2012, there were 97,400 deaths recorded due to oral cancer. [16] Several animal studies have shown a carcinogenic doseeffect relationship. 1994;139:26371 doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116993, 15. Mouth on Fire? The Best (and Worst) Ways to Get Rid of Spicy - Greatist 2002;97:5315 doi: 10.1002/ijc.10111, 48. [62], Oral cancer is one of the most-common types of cancer in Asia due to its association with smoking (tobacco, bidi), betel quid and alcohol consumption. For example, chili extract has been shown to promote the development of stomach and liver tumors in BALB/c mice initiated by methyl (acetoxymethyl) nitrosamine and benzene hexachloride. Acase-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. How to Eat Spicy Food Without Burning Your Mouth - EatingWell Two reviewers independently evaluated the quality of the included casecontrol studies using the NewcastleOttawa scale (NOS). When the cancer has spread to lymph nodes, their exact location, size, and spread beyond the capsule (of the lymph nodes) needs to be determined, as each can have a significant impact on treatment and prognosis. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. This study was supported by the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China (No. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A, et al. Among the 39 studies included in the meta-analysis, 30 studies reported the associations between spicy food and cancer risk after adjustments and 9 studies[22,24,25,29,30,33,34,36] did not clarify whether adjustments have been done or not. 66% of the time, these will be found as late stage three and four disease. If post-operative radiation is added, the failure rate is 015%. [40], TMN evaluation allows the person to be classified into a prognostic staging group;[40], The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) in 2013 stated evidence was insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening for oral cancer in adults without symptoms by primary care providers. Due to tumors developing in hidden spots such as beneath the tongue, when the tumors in the cats mouth are caught it is often untreatable. A complete history, and clinical examination is first completed, then a wedge of tissue is cut from the suspicious lesion for tissue diagnosis. We also found this positive association for gastric cancer (OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.263.71) and in high-quality studies (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.402.48). In terms of cancer subtypes, 12, 9, 6, and 12 studies reported the association between spicy food and the risk of gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, gallbladder cancer, and other cancers, respectively. Dietary factors and stomach cancer: A case-control study in Korea. First, because the data were obtained from casecontrol studies, confounding bias may be present, such as selection bias and recall bias due to the contribution of different results obtained from different populations or hospital designs. Lee SA, Kang D, Shim KN, Choe JW, Hong WS, Choi H, et al. [47][46] Likewise, molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies maybe be effective for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. Try: Sugar or syrup on your food. 2002;25:21929 doi: 10.1097/00002820-200206000-00009, 31. Anticancer properties of capsaicin against human cancer Anticancer Res. Al-Qadasi FA, Shah SA, Ghazi HF. Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, is a cancer of the lining of the lips, mouth, or upper throat. The effects of dietary administration of oral capsaicin on an animal tongue cancer model was firstly investigated by Tanaka et al. 2014;9:e99743 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099743, 54. The claim was that constant exposure to these alcohol-containing rinses, even in the absence of smoking and drinking, leads to significant increases in the development of oral cancer. Kapil U, Singh P, Bahadur S, Dwivedi SN, Singh R, Shukla N, et al. Diet habits, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, green tea drinking, and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the Chinese population. Zhang BB, Wang DG, Xuan C, Sun GL, Deng KF. Studies with larger sample sizes, longer follow-up periods, more cancer types, and more detailed measures of spicy food intake are necessary to confirm these results. cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Mouth Dryness or Thick Saliva . Is spicy food good for you? How it affects belly fat, immune system Capsaicin is a primary pungent and irritating agent found in chilies and red peppers, which are widely used as spices in many cultures worldwide. 2004;19:6327 doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03346.x, 45. Xerostomia (Dry Mouth) | American Dental Association [37] Each study was broadly assessed based on selection, comparability, and exposure and was assigned a score ranging from 0 to 9. The following rates describe the number of new cases (for incidence rates) or deaths (for mortality rates) per 100 000 individuals per year. [64][65] According to GLOBOCAN 2012, the estimated age-standardised rates of cancer incidence and mortality was higher in males than females. It's the mouth's reaction to ongoing. *F: Females; C: Combined males and females. Capsaicin consumption. Mouth cancer - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic Chinese Medical Journal130(18):2241-2250, September 20, 2017. AACR centennial series: The biology of cancer metastasis: Historical perspective Cancer Res. Feng BJ, Jalbout M, Ayoub WB, Khyatti M, Dahmoul S, Ayad M, et al Dietary risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Maghrebian countries Int J Cancer. Ekenga CC, Parks CG, Sandler DP. Eat small meals often. [online]", "Hungarian national cancer control programme", "Changing Trends in oral cancer - a global scenario", "Epidemiology of oral cancer in Asia in the past decade--an update (2000-2012)", "Epidemiology of oral cancer in Arab countries", "All Cancers (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) Estimated Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012", "Worldwide trends in incidence rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers", "Oral cancer in Australia 1982-2008: a growing need for opportunistic screening and prevention", "Mouth Cancer (Oral Cancer) in Dogs | Oakland Vets", https://www.facebook.com/pages/Pet-Talk/174535282572852?ref=hl, "Pet Talk: Feline oral cancer a silent but deadly disease in cats", "Environmental and lifestyle risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma in domestic cats", A digital manual for the early diagnosis of oral neoplasia (IARC Screening Group), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oral_cancer&oldid=1171081276, Cancer of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx, mouth cancer, cancer of the lips, oral cavity and pharynx, Oral cancer on the side of the tongue, a common site along with the floor of the mouth, Persistent rough white or red patch in the mouth lasting longer than 2 weeks, ulceration, lumps/bumps in the neck, pain, loose teeth, difficulty swallowing, Smoking, alcohol, HPV infection, sun exposure, chewing tobacco, Tumor 2cm with depth of invasion (DOI*) 5mm, Moderately advanced or very advanced local disease, Moderately advanced local disease, tumor >4cm with DOI* >10mm, Very advanced local disease. With respect to the number of cases, 18 studies included 200 subjects, and 21 included <200 subjects. For example, chili extract has been shown to promote the development of stomach and liver tumors in BALB/c mice initiated by methyl (acetoxymethyl) nitrosamine and benzene hexachloride. The association between chili pepper consumption and the incidence of cancer was evaluated in 23 studies, which directly assessed chili peppers as a food item. Small differences in the pattern of lymph node spread, can have a significant impact on treatment and prognosis. [29] A fast-growing segment of those diagnosed does not present with the historic stereotypical demographics. 2005;6:2027, 37. Recipe: Green Tea Infused With Apples and Cinnamon. [20] As the lesion spreads to the lymph nodes of the neck, a painless, hard mass will develop. Try milk or dairy-free milk products (soy, almond or rice milks), which may . Lpez-Carrillo L, Lpez-Cervantes M, Robles-Daz G, Ramrez-Espitia A, Mohar-Betancourt A, Meneses-Garca A, et al Capsaicin consumption, 24. Other symptoms may include: A burning sensation: You may notice a stinging, tingling or burning sensation, especially when you eat spicy or acidic food or drink acidic beverages like orange or grapefruit juice. Briefly, the anticancer mechanisms of capsaicin include activation of apoptosis,[51] cell growth arrest,[52] and inhibition of angiogenesis[53] and metastasis. Studies with a score of 7 were considered to be of high quality. We found no association in women, esophageal cancer, or gallbladder cancer because of the limited numbers of such studies. This new and rapidly growing subpopulation between 30 and 50 years old,[30] is predominantly nonsmoking, white, and males slightly outnumber females. However, high heterogeneity was found among the studies (I2 = 88.3%, P for heterogeneity <0.001). Studies with a score of 7 were considered to be of high quality. Ibiebele TI, Taylor AR, Whiteman DC, van der Pols JC. Capsaicin is a primary pungent and irritating agent found in chilies and red peppers, which are widely used as spices in many cultures worldwide. 2016;66:11532 doi: 10.3322/caac.21338, 2. 2015;351:h3942 doi: 10.1136/bmj. However, the following may help to reduce your risk of developing mouth ulcers: avoiding certain foods - such as chocolate, spicy foods, coffee, peanuts, almonds, strawberries, cheese, tomatoes and wheat flour, if they cause you to have an ulcer; not chewing gum; brushing your teeth with a soft-bristled brush, which may reduce irritation in . Get new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox, September 20, 2017 - Volume 130 - Issue 18, High Spicy Food Intake and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Casecontrol Studies, Articles in Google Scholar by Yu-Heng Chen, Other articles in this journal by Yu-Heng Chen, China Association for Science and Technology, Chinese Medical Association (Sponsor of CMJ), Chinese Medical Association Publishing House, International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. You already know nothing soothes like a warm cup of green tea. Burning mouth syndrome - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic [41] The American Academy of Family Physicians comes to similar conclusions while the American Cancer Society recommends that adults over 20 years who have periodic health examinations should have the oral cavity examined for cancer. 2016;66:730 doi: 10.3322/caac.21332, 3. No publication bias was detected for spicy food (Egger's test: P = 0.714; Begg's test: P = 0.942) in the selected studies. We believe that these results are credible because the pooled ORs from 39 articles and subgroup analyses indicated a significantly positive association between high spicy food intake and cancer risk. Third, 9 studies did not adjust for confounding factors, confounders that were adjusted for in each study were different, and there were some unknown confounders. To ensure proper nutrition to help you heal, you need to find non-irritating foods that you can eat even if you have mouth sores. Mouth ulcer - Illnesses & conditions | NHS inform Figure 1 outlines the initial search result of a total of 329 citations. Oral cancers overall risk higher in black males opposed to white males, however specific oral cancers-such as of the lip, have a higher risk in white males opposed to black males. . Mahfouz EM, Sadek RR, Abdel-Latief WM, Mosallem FA, Hassan EE. Discuss your options with your doctor. [55] In the population-based prospective cohort study in China by Lv et al.,[56] compared with those who ate spicy food less than once a week, those who consumed spicy food almost every day had a 14% lower risk of death, and inverse association was also observed for deaths due to cancer. People of different races and dietary cultures have eating preferences, such as kimchi in Korea or spicy preserved meat in the Maghreb. 2014;106 pii: dju237 doi: 10.1093/jnci/dju237, 11. Oral complications of cancer chemotherapy or head and neck cancer radiotherapy 13, 23, 26 can be acute (i.e., develop during therapy) or chronic (i.e., develop months to years after therapy) . Critical evaluation of the newcastle-ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Cancer starting in the oropharynx is called oropharyngeal cancer. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Joshi SC, Saxena SR, Satyawali VN, Joshi A, Nigam P, Singh VK, et al. The highest rates for mortality in 2012 were reported in Lithuania (7.5), Estonia (6.0), and Latvia (5.4). A recent meta-analysis of pertinent studies in Korea and Mexico, . Kastan MB, Bartek J. Cell-cycle checkpoints and cancer. patrisyu/Getty Images Geographic tongue causes island-shaped lesions that give your tongue a map-like appearance. Ham strips. Oral Cancers: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment - Healthline These intrinsic differences in different populations and different research emphases may partly explain the above controversies. Leukoplakia Patches: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments - WebMD AACR centennial series: The biology of cancer metastasis: Historical perspective.
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