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However, evidence suggests that having a high IQ is hardly a guarantee for financial, academic, or creative success. Our current obsession with achievement is likely fueling anxiety while damaging the fabric of our society. In addition, life domains which have been classified as a same value category may have different effects on happiness depending on the degree to which they are self-centered value. The contrast between self-enhancement and self-transcendence can be likened to the contrast between extrinsic and intrinsic values, although they are not synonymous. 1Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Suhdaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. Prioritizing religion was not significant in Model 4, shown in Table 3, from which the 2009 data were excluded, although it was significant in the other models overall even with age restriction or with controlling for self-rated health, as shown in Table 4. Subjective Happiness Optimizes Educational Outcomes: Evidence from Filipino High School Students. Chi SA, Jung DH. It is a term that is taken for granted in this modern age. All that said, the study of the health benefits of happiness is still young. A large proportion of studies focusing on younger children primarily depend on parental report measures (e.g., Shah et al., 2019). Data from a sample of nationwide 10-year-old children, their mothers, and teachers were analyzed. Model 3 added household income and perceived social status to examine whether personal values are associated with happiness even after controlling for these two variables. Study 1 tested whether the degree to which individuals value happiness is associated with happiness and well-being. As modern technology advance, the use of smartphones has become an essential part of daily life, and it is not difficult to find even very young children using smartphones (OECD, 2017). Kira M. Newman is the managing editor of Greater Good. The Academic Performance Scale (Rhee et al., 2009) was used to measure the childrens academic achievement. A few studies have investigated more diverse or specific personal values. The real key to the helping process is the quality of the relationship. Furthermore, most studies regarding personal values and happiness have been conducted in Western societies, with a few exceptions [8, 12], and have analyzed non-representative samples, such as convenience samples or samples of specific groups, such as college students [4, 8, 13]. MeSH This finding indicates that children with a low level of school adaptation may be more vulnerable to the negative effects of smartphones. 11 Citations Metrics Abstract Existing studies have demonstrated that well-being catalyzes key learning outcomes. Gender was a binary variable with reference category of male (female = 1). Academic achievement; Academic engagement; Autonomous motivation; Interdependent happiness. What Is Job Satisfaction and Why Is It Important? - PositivePsychology.com According to a study conducted in Korea, the degree of childrens dependence on smartphones has increased during the pandemic period up to 47.5% (Ju, 2021). the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. But all of these books and classes raise the question: Why bother? doi: 10.1017/sjp.2017.19. Second, descriptive and correlation analyses between variables were conducted. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. It is probable that prioritizing a specific life domain is negatively associated with happiness as the life domain is more based on self-centered value or self-interest. Happiness seems to temper these effects, or at least help us recover more quickly. Happiness is often defined as "a state of well-being and con- tentment" (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). Finally, the indirect effect of school adaptation on general happiness through academic achievement was examined, with problematic smartphone usage moderating the indirect effect. Prioritizing social relationships, including family, friends, and neighbors, was associated with a greater likelihood of happiness, whereas prioritizing extrinsic achievements, such as money and power, or physical self (i.e., health) was adversely associated with happiness. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Follow her on Twitter! Based on the studies of Schwartz [1617], materialism, achievement, hedonism, and power can be categorized into the dimension of self-enhancement, whereas religiosity can be categorized as self-transcendence [19]. We work together to continuously improve lives, we all play a part in shaping and living the culture of our organizations, and we are all called to make meaningful contributions with a lasting positive impact. The purpose of the current study was to examine the moderated mediation model with school adaptation, academic achievement, general happiness, and problematic smartphone usage. These studies suggest that self-centered values or valuing self-enhancement is harmful for happiness, whereas collective-centered values or valuing social relationships is beneficial. Psychologist and the founder of Positive Psychology, Martin Seligman, Ph.D., describes the elements of happiness as consisting of 5 elements using the acronym "PERMA" (Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and Achievement): Positive Emotion: Positive emotion can also be thought of as a feeling of optimism about yourself . Personal values refer to the beliefs, principles or ideas that are important to people's lives. Although previous studies have consistently shown that religious affiliation is positively associated with happiness [3233], our findings have newly shown that respondents prioritizing religion are most likely to be happy than others. Li J, Lepp A, Barkley JE. Second, we used only three-year data of the KGSS (2007, 2008, and 2009) although the KGSS has been collected annually from 2003 to 2014, and biannually from 2014. Although material well-being is a critical ingredient of human well-being, it has also been recognized that an increase in material well-being beyond a certain threshold (i.e. First, to examine internal consistency of measures, Cronbachs values were calculated. People who prioritize extrinsic aspirations, such as power, money, or status, tend to have more difficulty of achieving and being satisfied with their goals. Most studies have focused on the negative effects of smartphones on children, and most of the problems occur with uncontrolled and dysregulated use, called problematic smartphone usage (Billieux et al., 2015; Horwood & Anglim, 2018). This study is meaningful because variables related to adaptation of 10-year-old children were collected from multiple informants. Proposed theoretical moderated-mediation model. Lekes N, Gingras I, Phillipe FI, Koestner R, Fang JQ. S2 Table presents the results of selected four multiple regression models due to word limitation. In particular, previous findings demonstrate a strong relationship between academic achievement and emotional state. Table 1 presents the descriptive characteristics of the sample for the pooled data and for each survey year. Compared with prioritizing social relationships, prioritizing extrinsic achievements was adversely associated with happiness even after controlling for self-rated health and excluding those aged 60 years or older in Model 3. Age was measured in years, and education attainment was classified into three categories: less than high school; high school graduates; college or more. The findings suggest that pursuing goals focused on self-enhancement or self-centered value are less likely to result in happiness compared to pursuing alter-centered collective goals or self-transcendence/selflessness. An official website of the United States government. Hefner D, Knop K, Schmitt S, Vorderer P. Rules? Ryan RM, Deci EL. Parent and child reports of parental monitoring of media. A 2001 study asked participants to rate their recent experience of positive emotions, then (five weeks later) how much they had experienced negative symptoms like muscle strain, dizziness, and heartburn since the study began. Available from: A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data, Estimating the relative risk in cohort studies and clinical trials of common outcomes, Leaving my religion: Understanding the relationship between religious disaffiliation, health and well-being. Ellis DA, Davidson BI, Shaw H, Geyer K. Do smartphone usage scales predict behavior? However, parental monitoring was ineffective in reducing problematic behaviors related to using online devices in other studies (Chang et al., 2019; Hefner, Knop, Schmitt, & Votherderer, 2019). Data was collected from multiple informants including parents, teachers, and children to evaluate variables that had effects on childrens growth and development. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Why our pursuit of happiness may be flawed - BBC Future Can Seeking Happiness Make People Happy? Paradoxical Effects of Valuing This study used data from the 11th Panel Study of Korea Children (PSKC) conducted by the Korean Institute of Child Care and Education. A new study finds that people feeling very lonely are not necessarily comforted by company. Study 1 revealed that interdependent happiness positively predicted academic engagement (partly) via autonomous motivation. To do so, we recruited adult female participants from the community. Easterlin RA, McVey LA, Switek M, Sawangfa O, Zweig JS. For the total sample of pooled data, about 66% of respondents reported that they were happy overall; by year, 76.6%, 73.5%, and 49.7% reported being happy overall in 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively. People prioritizing extrinsic values are less likely to invest in social relationships, such as family and friends, which can decrease the quality of social relationships that is important for happiness. eCollection 2019. The term internet in the original scale was replaced with smartphone to assess problematic smartphone usage. The age of smartphone users has declined, and problematic smartphone usage has widely expanded such that young children are also affected by such devices. But is humor connected to mindfulness? We conducted supplementary analyses excluding respondents aged 60 years or older and controlling for self-rated health, measured in the 2007 and 2009 data.